The Role and Function of the Fool in King Lear - 2999 Words

Explore the role and function of ‘The Fool in ‘King Lear The Fool in ‘King Lear is a William Shakespeare creation. Shakespeare has the ability to reveal a human character with an exceptional use of language. He allows us to see more than just words on the paper; were given a multi dimensional insight into a character. Usually his characters arent as straight-forward as black or white, they are invariably more complex. Edmund for example, its easy to present him as the villain but Shakespeare also shows us a sorry side to him as he attempts an apology before he dies. Shakespeare has given us concrete images of things that are inexpressible, such as love. To articulate a multi- faceted view of a person and present it concisely with†¦show more content†¦The Fool also likes to remind Lear that he has not only failed himself but his people too. ‘So out went the candle and we were left darkling Lear was the light of the state now he has abdicated the light has gone out and hes let his people down by leaving them in the incapabl e hands of his two daughters. Eventually the Fool gets a glimmer of hope back from Lear when he realises his mistakes. ‘I did her wrong he says about Cordelia. At this point the Fool switches back to being light hearted as he realises stressing the point would only bring Lear down. Some critics say The Fool is responsible for pushing Lear over the edge. I like to think it was necessary for Lear to go through madness so he can truly appreciate the consequences of his actions. The Fool was helping Lear to ‘see better. Finally Lears conscience catches up with him at least to an extent when he says ‘poor fool and knave I have one part in my heart thats sorry for thee. The Fools sarcasm is blunt and hard hitting, just like Cordelias truth was in the ‘love test. ‘I am better than thou art now I am a fool thou art nothing. The Fool is one of the Truth tellers in the play. Cordelia and Kent being the other two. However the fool doesnt get punished for it like the others do. This is mainly due to the way he articulates himself and what traditionally the role of the fool is. The main role of the fool was to entertain. Yet theyShow MoreRelatedRole Of A Fool Or Jester During Elizabethan Times1351 Words   |  6 PagesThe role of a fool or jester during Elizabethan times were to entertain everyone at court, especially the King. The fool would sing, dance, make jokes and make a fool of himself. In Shakespeare’s King Lear, the fool has many roles. When Lear banishes Cordelia from his kingdom, the fool in a way takes on Cordelia s role. He is not only a fool, but through his sarcasm and irony, he becomes the king s loyal advocate by pointing out the king’s shortcomings. The fool is the only one who is able to criticizeRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream And Fool1401 Words   |  6 PagesThe Shakespearean fool is a recurring character type in the works of William Shakespeare. While their individual personalities and func tions differ from play to play, the reoccurrence of the Shakespearean fool suggests that fools serve as an important institution of the Shakespearean stage. But what is the role of the Shakespeare’s fools in his works? And how do particular characteristics about these fools help them achieve this purpose? Through an in-depth analysis of Shakespeare’s arguably twoRead MoreThe Role of the Fool in King Lear Essay2177 Words   |  9 Pages Alison Dew Explore the role of the fool in King Lear. In Elizabethan times, the role of a fool, or court jester, was to professionally entertain others, specifically the king. In essence, fools were hired to make mistakes. Fools may have been mentally retarded youths kept for the court’s amusement, or more often they were singing, dancing stand up comedians. In William Shakespeare’s King Lear the fool plays many important roles. When Cordelia, Lear’s only well-intentioned daughter, is banishedRead MoreDivine Justice In King Lear And Antigone1619 Words   |  7 PagesCreon to establish a predominant theme of God versus man. During the Elizabethan era/Pre-Christian world, divine justice was a major concept in King Lear because religion played a substantial role in everyday life. Divine justice is belief that a higher power has all the answers to life’s questions, and that good triumphs over evil. In the works of King Lear and Antigone divine justice is a standard of living. Good does not triumph over evil thro ughout any of these works especially without the honorableRead More Action and Observation in Shakespeares King Lear Essay2306 Words   |  10 PagesAction and Observation in King Lear      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Auden once asserted that Shakespearean tragedy is necessarily parabolic, pertaining to the only myth that Christianity possesses: that of the unrepentant thief. We as the spectators are thus implicated in the action since each of us is in danger of re-enacting [this story] in his own way.1 The sufferings of the hero could be our own sufferings, whereas in Greek tragedy, such a notion is precluded precisely because the misfortunes of a characterRead MoreAnalysis of the Skeleton Character in the Film Black Orpheus is Death1282 Words   |  5 Pageshis wonderful musical ability) function as the chief drama in this story, and set up the immense disappointment that makes this melancholy tale of legendary proportions. A legend is a story passed down through generations with some historical basis. All of this drama, and the very climax of the movie, is actually set up by the actions of the skeleton man who chases Eurydice onto the power cable which eventually killed her. The child dancers play a very vital role in this film, and help to symbolizeRead More The Importance of the Earl of Kent in Shakespeares King Lear1487 Words   |  6 PagesThe Importance of the Earl of Kent in King Lear   Ã‚   The Earl of Kent plays a small but important part in Shakespeares play King Lear. From the beginning scenes to the end we see a minor character that is used to show the values that Shakespeare believed in. Whether Kent is an example of the dutiful servant or plays the intermediary between Lear and Cordelia he is essential to the functioning of the plot.    The role of Kent is important because of the use Shakespeare has for his characterRead MoreAnalyzing the Characteristics of Kind Lear Essay4690 Words   |  19 PagesCharacteristics of Kind Lear Lear is the protagonist, whose willingness to believe his older daughters’ empty flattery leads to the deaths of many people. In relying on the test of his daughters’ love, Lear demonstrates that he lacks common sense or the ability to detect his older daughters’ falseness. Lear cannot recognize Cordelia’s honesty amid the flattery, which he craves. The depth of Lear’s anger toward Kent, his devoted follower, suggests excessive pride—Lear refuses to beRead More The Role of Femininity in Shakespeares Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear2337 Words   |  10 PagesThe Role of Femininity in Shakespeares Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear similarly experience an unhooking (Tompkins) in the eponymous plays. These tragic figures struggle with internal and external femininity: after realizing their emotions and labeling them feminine, they identify women as the source of this negative femininity. Their inability to deal with the female gender in any form destabilizes their masculinity, causing an unhooking/unlatching within themRead MoreLove, Friendship, Loyalty in William Shakespeares Midsummer Nights Dream and King Lear2661 Words   |  11 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s (1564-1616) attempt to explore themes of love, friendship and loyalty in his plays, A Midsummer Night’s Dream (1600) and King Lear (1603-1606), there is distinct and constant portrayal of these themes classified of inconsistencies. It is crucial to understand that the historical context of Shakespeare’s writing is important in grasping a true understanding of the inconsistencies that exists in love, f riendship and loyalty. Writing during the time of the renaissance, Shakespeare’s

Scientific Management Essay - 1637 Words

Scientific Management This essay will critically evaluate the scientific management’s importance and its contribution in the current management context. In this era of rapid economic development and industrial expansion of different nations, scientific management has enabled every nation to be involved in this global market. Scientific management is the theory which serves as the ‘backbone’ to many current management theories. Scientific management will be briefly described initially. After that, the essay will identify why scientific management is an important contribution to management theory when Frederick Taylor proposed it. Finally, the essay will investigate why scientific management continues to be significant in this rapid†¦show more content†¦If the task requires taller and huge-sized workers to perform, they should be selected in terms of size and height. This will ensure that the tasks are performed by the suitable workers only. The managers should always cooperate with their employees well to ensure their work is properly done. The efficient and correct way of doing the tasks should be taught to the employees to ensure all tasks are performed efficiently without any mistakes that cause delay in time and wastage. The work and responsibility should be divided properly according to the talents and ability of the employees. Tasks will be performed efficiently if the employees have the ability to perform them. Before Frederick Taylor proposed scientific management, the management theory at that time was not efficient enough to initiate the manufacturing process (Wren, 1994, p. 107). There were no factories or assembly lines to produce massive product in a short time. Wren (1994, p. 107) pointed out that the industry was suffering bad conditions such as worker restriction of output, poor management system and lack of harmony between workers and managers. Taylor proposed his theory to solve the bad situation at that time. The following are the reasons of why scientific management was an important contribution to management theory when Taylor proposed it. Firstly, Taylor solved the problem of soldiering. Soldiering was the main reason which restricted theShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Scientific Management1633 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of this essay is to research, analyse and assess the theory of scientific management, which was revolutionised by Frederick Winslow Taylor in 1887 (A.Huczynski, 2010) and to critically evaluate the benefits and pitfalls of his theory. This theory Taylor developed is known as Taylorism and has been used commonly in various structures of organisation. Comparisons shall be drawn to other theories and advancements of this theory, such as Fordism and Toyotism, which was extremely popular inRead MoreThe Principles Of Scientific Management3291 Words   |  14 PagesTHE PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT (TAYLORISM) STUDENT NAME : SOWMITH VATSAVAI ROLL NO : 120908246 BRANCH : INDUSTRIAL AND PRODUCTION ENGG. E-MAIL ID : SOWMITH.V@GMAIL.COM CONTACT NO : 09740459479 INDEX Sl.no Contents Page No. 1 Fundamentals 2 2 Introduction 5 3 Experimentation 6 4 Principles 9 5 Conclusion 15 6 References 16 â€Æ' 1.Fundamentals of Scientific Management 1.1 Introduction Read MoreScientific Management2246 Words   |  9 PagesSCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT AND CONTRIBUTION TO ECONOMY Scientific management is a theory of management that analysis and synthesizes workflows, with the objective of improving labour productivity. The core ideas of the theory were developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor in the 1880s and 1890s, and were first published in his monographs, Shop Management (1905) and The Principles of Scientific Management (1911). He began trying to discover a way for workers to increase their efficiency when he was the forepersonRead MoreScientific Management2016 Words   |  9 PagesScientific management (also called Taylorism, the Taylor system, or the Classical Perspective) is a theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflow processes, improving labor productivity. The core ideas of the theory were developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor in the 1880s and 1890s, and were first published in his monographs, Shop Management (1905) and The Principles of Scientific Management (1911).[1] Taylor believed that decisions based upon tradition and rules of thumb should be replacedRead MoreThe Principles Of Scientific Management1337 Words   |  6 Pagescentury ago, Frederick Winslow Taylor’s renowned work The Principles of Scientific Management set forth a theory that to this day is subjected to a similar degree of critique and debate to that in the early 20th century. While Taylor’s ideas were evidently influenced by the works of earlier researchers, it is he who is credited as the â€Å"father† of the scientific management movement (Jeacle, 2004, p. 1164). As such, scientific management itself is synonymous with Taylor to the extent that it is commonlyRead MoreThe Advantages Of Scientific Management Essay1594 Words   |  7 PagesIn the early 20th Century, Frederick Winslow Taylor revolutionised work in factories through the development of his new form of management; Scientific management. It is a method of worker management that involves scientifically finding the best way to divide labour and to do each ind ividual job as easily as possible, and finding the best person for that job. It is done through removing the control of production from the workers and putting it in the hands of the managers, who oversee the processRead MorePrinciples of Scientific Management1149 Words   |  5 PagesScientific Management is a theory of management that analyzed and synthesized workflows. Its main objective was improving economic efficiency, especially labor productivity. It was one of the earliest attempts to apply science to the engineering of processes and to management. Its development began with Frederick Winslow Taylor in the 1880s and 1890s within the manufacturing industries. Taylor was an American mechanical engineer and a management consultant in his later years. He is often calledRead MoreThe Scientific Management of Taylor1493 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Taylor used valuable knowledge into work practice, as the appearance of scientific management, the productivity of all the developed countries increased nearly 50 times (Zuo, 2007). In the meanwhile, whether the scientific management is suitable for modern age has sparked much debate. Some people assert that scientific have some limitations. Therefore, this essay tends to analyze several parts of scientific management, some problems caused by it and whether it is suitable to the modern enterprisesRead MoreThe Principles Of Scientific Management2994 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction Good management can be defined as the optimal use of available resources to increase an organisation s efficiency and effectiveness in meeting its objectives (Garg, 2013). Scientific management has been the dominant model for many years, but its usefulness for meeting modern organisational challenges may be limited. This paper examines the principles of scientific management, the degree to which it is applied in contemporary organisations, its utility for addressing modern challengesRead MoreThe Emergence Of Scientific Management1300 Words   |  6 PagesThe emergence of scientific management Frederick W. Taylor is called the father of scientific management who is world famous through his book named â€Å"The Principles of Scientific Management†. â€Å"The Principles of Scientific Management† was first published in the early 20th century. Through his work, Frederick W. Taylor described that the process of scientific management can increase total worker organizational efficiency. The theory of scientific management was not invented by one day. It took many

Music Pathway free essay sample

I never knew that the activity I fell in love with end up being my reason to live. In sixth grade I joined percussion in middle school. My percussion director told me that I could have a potential career in music and a few years later, he proceeded to sit with me and discuss careers. Now, as a junior in high school, I want to follow his footsteps. My freshman year of high school, my director asked to talk to me in his office. For the first time, I walked in and the smell of old carpet and Reese’s Peanut Butter Cups overwhelmed the room. There was a mallet bag stuffed with different colored mallets in it behind his door, an old Marimba One bar in a wooden show case, a white couch only big enough for two people to sit on, and a wooden book shelf filled with different percussion books and movies. We will write a custom essay sample on Music Pathway or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I thought to myself, â€Å"I want my office to be like this. Full of life, cluttered, but organized in a way to where I would know exactly where things were.† He goes behind his desk in a spinning chair and I sit on the little white couch up against the window. â€Å"I thought you would like my office.† He said. As he proceeded to talk about everything in his office I just kept wondering why he called me in there. Once he realized that I had stopped listening five minutes earlier, he asked me if I ever thought of becoming a percussion director. My response, â€Å"Of course.† His face turned into a giant grin that looked like a cartoon because it was so big. â€Å"Really?† he said as he started to chuckle. Once I said that music education had a good chance for my future career path, he asked me why and my response to him was, â€Å"because of you.† After I said that, he just started rambling on-and-on how great it was to pursue a career in music education. For once, I felt like I actually understood what life was all about. He told me about college and what my options were for majors and undergrads and how I should be excited how he can help me about my future career. He then said he would always be a person that I could trust if I needed to talk to someone and that he would always support me and my career decisions. I felt like an open field with blue skies, white clouds, and fresh cut grass on a sunny day. I then knew that his impact on me helped make a decision to pursue a career in music education. As he said that we were done talking for now, I started to walk into the band hall which smelled like spit, old carpet, food, and a thirty year old locker room all at the same time. A huge cluster of people drug me into their circle and brought me into another conversation. From then on my life changed. My days brightened a little and my relationship with my director grew. He is the reason not only percussion, but music is my passion and the right career path for me.

Noice Pollution Effects Essay Example

Noice Pollution Effects Paper Tinnitus may be temporary or may become permanent after prolonged exposure. [l] The eventual results of hearing losses are loneliness, depression, impaired speech discrimination, impaired school and job performance, limited job opportunities, and a sense of isolation. [3,1 9,20] In 2001 , it was estimated that 12. 5% of American children between the ages of 6 to 19 years had impaired hearing in one or both ears. 21] As many as 80% of elementary school children use personal music players, many for extended periods of time and at potentially dangerous volume settings. CA]There is little doubt that the use of consumer products, which produce increasingly high levels of noise and which are used with headsets or earphones, is growing and may well be responsible for the impaired hearing that is being seen with growing frequency in younger people. [1 9,22-24] This form of noise is largely unregulated, despite warnings by the manufacturers. In the young, hearing loss affects communication, cognition, behavior, social- emotional development, academic outcomes, and later vocational opportunities. [J These effects have been well documented in a number of large scale investigations in children. [23] Leisure-time exposure, which is generally unregulated, is increasing in other ways as well with resultant adverse effects. In a recent survey, a majority of young adults reported having experienced tinnitus or impaired hearing after exposure to loud music at concerts or in clubs. Very few (8%) considered loss of hearing a significant problem. Many of the respondents said they would be motivated to use ear protection if they were aware of the potential of armament hearing loss (66%) or if such protection were advised by a medical professional Those working in clubs, bars, and other places of entertainment are also at risk. It is well known that rock musicians free neatly have noise-induced hearing loss. Apart from the musicians themselves, employees of music clubs, where noise frequently exceeds safe levels, are at risk. 26] Thus, nearly a third of students who worked part time (bar staff or security staff) in a university entertainment venue were found to have permanent hearing loss of more than 30 db. [27] The WHO recommends that unprotected exposure to sound levels greater than 1 00 db (for example, the sound of a jackhammer or a snowmobile) should be limited in duration (4 h) and frequency (four times/yr). [l] The threshold for pain is usually given as 140 db, a level readily achieved in todays boom-cars. We will write a custom essay sample on Noice Pollution Effects specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Noice Pollution Effects specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Noice Pollution Effects specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Impulse noise exposure (gunfire and similar sources of intense noise of brief duration) should never exceed 140 db in adults and 120 db in children. Firecrackers, cap pistols, and other toys can generate sufficient sound levels to cause sudden and permanent hearing loss. [1 9] Levels greater Han 165 db, even for a few milliseconds, are likely to cause acute cochlear damage. [l] It is important to remember to counsel patients that ears do not get used to loud noise. As the League for the Hard of Hearing notes-they get deaf. Interrupted sleep is known to be a prerequisite for good physiologic and mental functioning in healthy individuals. [28] Environmental noise is one of the major causes of disturbed sleep. [l , 1 0] When sleep disruption becomes chronic, the results are mood changes, decrements in performance, and other long-term effects on health and well-being. 3] Much recent research has focused on noise from aircraft, roadways, and trains. It is known, for example, that continuo us noise in excess of 30 db disturbs sleep. For intermittent noise, the probability of being awakened increases with the number of noise events per night. L] The primary sleep disturbances are difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakenings, waking too early, and alterations in sleep stages and depth, especially a reduction in ERM sleep. Apart from various effects on sleep itself, noise during sleep causes increased blood pressure, increased heart rate, increased pulse amplitude, vasoconstriction, changes in respiration, cardiac arrhythmias, and increased body movement-[28] For each Of these, the threshold and response relationships may be different. Some of these effects (waking, for example) diminish with repeated exposure; others, particularly cardiovascular responses, do not. 29] Secondary effects (so-called after effects) measured the following day include fatigue, depressed mood and well-being, and decreased performance. [30] Decreased alertness leading to accidents, injuries, and death has also been attributed to lack of sleep and corrupted circadian rhythms. [31] Long-term psychosocial effects have been related to nocturnal noise. Noise annoyance during the night increases total noise annoyance for the following 24 hours. Particularly sensitive groups include the elderly, shift workers, persons vulnerable to physical or mental disorders, and those with sleep disorders. L] Other factors that influence the problem of night-time noise include its occurrence in residential areas with low background noise levels and combinations of noise and vibration such as produced by trains or heavy trucks. Low frequency sound is more disturbing, even at very low sound pressure levels; these low frequency components appear to have a significant detrimental effect on health. [32] A growing body of evidence confirms that noise pollution has both temporary and permanent effects on humans (and other mammals) by way of the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems. It has been postulated that noise acts as a nonspecific biologic stresses eliciting reactions that prepare the body for a fight or flight response. [l For this reason, noise can trigger both endocrine and autonomic nervous system responses that affect the articulators system and thus may be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. [l ,2,6,1 1,33-36] These effects begin to be seen with long-term daily exposure to noise levels above 65 db or with acute exposure to noise levels above 80 to 85 Acute exposure to noise activates nervous and hormonal responses, leading to temporary increases in blood pressure, heart rate, and vasoconstriction. Studies of individuals exposed to occupational or environmental noise show that exposure of sufficient intensity and duration increases heart rate and peripheral resistance, increases blood pressure, increases blood viscosity and levels of blood lipids, causes shifts in electrolytes, and increases levels of epinephrine, morphogenesis, and cortical-[3] Sudden unexpected noise evokes reflex responses as well. Cardiovascular disturbances are independent of sleep disturbances; noise that does not interfere with the sleep of subjects may still provoke autonomic responses and secretion of epinephrine, morphogenesis, and cortical. [29] These responses suggest that one can never completely get used to night-time noise. Temporary noise exposure produces readily reversible physiologic changes. However, noise exposure of sufficient intensity, duration, and unpredictability provokes changes that may not be so readily reversible. The studies that have been done on the effects of environmental noise have shown an association between noise exposure and subsequent cardiovascular disease. [l ,2,6,33-36] Even though the increased risk for noise-induced cardiovascular disease may be small, it assumes public health importance because both the number of people at risk and the noise to which they are exposed continue to increase. [l , 2] Children, the elderly, and those with underlying depression may be articulacy vulnerable to these effects because they may lack adequate coping mechanisms. L ]Children in noisy environments find the noise annoying and report a diminished quality of Noise levels above 80 db are associated with both an increase in aggressive behavior and a decrease in behavior helpful to others-[38-40] The news media regularly report violent behavior arising Out of disputes over noise; in many cases these disputes ended in injury or death. The aforementioned effects of noise may help explain some of the demutualization seen in the modern, congested, and noisy urban environment. ] The effects of noise pollution on cognitive task performance have been well- studied. Noise pollution impairs task performance at school and at work, increases errors, and decreases motivation. [11 ,41 Greening attention, problem solving, and memory are most strongly affected by noise. Two types of memory deficits have been identified under experimental conditions: recall of subject content and recall of incidental details. Both are adversely influenced by noise. Deficits in performance can lead to errors and accidents, both Of which have health and economic consequences. [l] Cognitive and language development and reading achievement are diminished in noisy homes, even though the childrens schools may be no noisier than average. [18] Cognitive development is impaired when homes or schools are near sources of noise such as highways and airports. [4,11] Noise affects learning, reading, problem solving, motivation, school performance, and social and emotional 0, 18,421 These findings suggest that more attention needs to be paid to the effects of noise on the ability of children to learn and on the nature of the learning environment, both in school and at home. Moreover, there is concern that high and continuous environmental noise may contribute to feelings of helplessness in children. [1 1, 18] Noise produces negative after-effects on performance, particularly in children. It appears that the longer the exposure, the greater the effect. Children from noisy areas have been found to have heightened sympathetic arousal indicated by increased levels of stress-related hormones and elevated resting blood pressure. 18] These changes were larger in children with lower academic achievement As a whole, these findings suggest that schools and care centers should be located in areas that are as noise-free as possible. [l] Annoyance is defined as a feeling of displeasure associated with any agent or condition believed by an individual to adversely affect him or her. Perhaps a better description of this response would be aversion or distress. Noise has been used as a noxious stimulus in a variety of studies because it produces the same kinds of effects as other stresses. 2] Annoyance increases significantly when noise is accompanied by vibration or by low frequency components. CA] The term annoyance does not begin to cover the wide range f negative reactions associated with noise pollution; these include anger, disappointment, dissatisfaction, withdrawal, helplessness, depression, anxiety, distraction, agitation, or exhaustion. Lack of perceived control over the noise intensifies these effects. [l ,10] Social and behavioral effects of noise exposure are complex, subtle, and indirect. These effects include changes in everyday behavior (egg, closing windows and doors to eliminate outside noises; avoiding the use of balconies, patios and yards; and turning up the volume of radios and television sets); changes in social behavior (egg, aggressiveness, unfriendliness, nonparticipating, or disengagement); and changes in social indicators (egg, residential mobility, hospital admissions, drug consumption, and accident rates); and changes in mood (increased reports Of Noise exposure per SE is not believed to produce aggressive behavior. However, in combination with provocation, preexisting anger or hostility, alcohol or other psychoactive agents, noise may trigger aggressive behavior. [38] Our news is filled with examples of this kind of behavior. The degree of annoyance produced by noise may vary with the time of day, the unpleasant characteristics of the noise, the duration and intensity of the Jose, the meaning associated with it, and the nature of the activity that the noise interrupted. L] Annoyance may be influenced by a variety of monastically factors including individual sensitivity to noise-[43] These include fear of the noise source, conviction that noise could be reduced by third parties, individual sensitivity, the degree to which an individual feels able to control the noise, and whether or not the noise originated from an important economic activity.

HistoricalACT Percentiles for 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, and 2011

HistoricalACT Percentiles for 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, and 20 SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips For those currently taking the ACT or who took it in 20-2018, you might wonder:how does your percentile compare with students who got the same score in other years?In this guide, I'll explain what percentiles are, how they work for the ACT, and why they matter. I'll also give you ACT percentile charts for 20-2018 so you can see how your scores stack up against historical ones. What Is an ACTPercentile Score? Before diving in, let's define what an ACT percentile is. First off, a percentile is not the same as a percentage score you get on a test in school (i.e., when you receive 85% on your biology test, you answered 85% of questions correctly). Rather, an ACT percentile score lets you know how you did in comparison with other test takers. This in turn makes your score easier to understand since the ACT uses a pretty ambiguous scale of 1-36. For instance, a 25th percentile score means you scored higher than 25% of ACT test takers, while a 98th percentile score means you scored higher than 98% of test takers. In short, the higher your percentile is, the better you did compared with others who took the ACT. For instance, on an easy in-class test (on which most students scored 90% or above), you could get a high test score like 91% and get a relatively low percentile like 10%. However, if the test were very hard for your class(e.g., only a few students scored above 20%),you could get a low test score like 28% and a relatively high percentile score like 95%. Percentile shifts tend not to be as extreme as this example since the ACT is equated,but I’ll discuss this more in-depth later on. Nonetheless,ACT percentiles are helpful for understanding your scaled scores,aspercentiles allow youto determine where you fall in comparison with other test takers. Do ACT Percentiles Change Over Time? Generally, for a specific scaled ACT score, the percentile of that score stays the same from year to year.That said, there can be some very slight changes (typically 3% at most from year to year). If you’re unsure how scaled ACT scores are determined,learn how to calculate your score. The reason there are only minimal percentile changes for a specific scaled score from year to year is that the ACT is equated to ensure the same curve on every test date. As anexample of the slight variation in percentile for a specific score, a score of 31 was the 96th percentile in 2014 but the 97th percentile in 2013. What does it mean for percentiles for each scaled score to stay about the same from year to year? As I mentioned earlier, ACT, Inc., tries to keep the score distributions the same so that onescaled score indicates the same level of ability across different test dates. For example, ascore of 32 means you scored better than around 97-98% of test takers in 2013 and 2016 (and any other year). Ultimately, thismeans that no one test date (or test year) is advantaged over another. All test dates are equated to ensure similar (if not identical) score distribution. Why Care About ACT Percentiles- EspeciallyPercentiles From Other Years? Your ACT percentile is important because it lets colleges compare your ACT score with those of other applicants (and, more generally, students across the country).Why is this important? If colleges looked at just your scaled score without any other information, they wouldn't have a clear sense of what makes a good ACT score and what makes a bad one. For example, if you got a 33 composite score and colleges didn't know your percentile, admissions officers might judge the ACT as a school test and think you got 33 out of 36- about 92% or an A-, which is good but not great. However, with ACT percentiles, colleges can know that a 33 is actually a 99th percentile score, meaning you scored better than 99% of test takers! Essentially, percentiles allow colleges to get a sense of how test takers perform on the ACT and allow them to compare you with students in the rest of the country. You should care about ACT percentiles from other years because you are applying to college with students who might have taken the ACT in other years, too.For example, although you might have taken the ACT in 2016 as a high school junior, some of your classmates applying to the same colleges as youmight have taken it later in 2017 as seniors. Say you and your classmate both scored 33, but you took the ACT in 2015 and he took it in 2016. Your score places you in the 99th percentile but puts him in the 98th percentile. This makes your 33 just slightly more impressive than his. ComparingACT percentiles for specific scaled scores across years is useful to know how you stack up against students who took the ACT a different year but are applying to the same colleges and at the same time as you. While percentile scores are important, theACT score rangefor your target college is the more important consideration. The ACT score range for colleges is the range in which the middle 50% of admitted students’ ACT scores fall.For instance, Yale’s ACT score range is 32-35- meaning 25% of admitted students scored at or below 32, and 75% scored at or below 35. Universities rely primarily on score ranges when making admissions decisions. For this reason, you’ll want your score to be at or above the 75th percentile (for example, 35 for Yale) to give yourself the best chance of being admitted. To find ACT score ranges for your schools, search â€Å"[School Name] ACT scores PrepScholar.†For a more detailed explanation, with tips on how to calculate your target score, readour guide to what a good ACT score is. The main reasons colleges care about their particular score ranges over national ACT percentiles are as follows: A college’s ACT score range is often a consideration in college ranking lists. As a result, colleges want to admit students with higher ACT scores so that they will be ranked higher. Colleges publish their score ranges each year. Thus,the higher the score range, the more impressive it seems to the public. While ACT score percentiles are an important part of the college admissions process, your final ACT composite score is the number that is most significant. OK, maybe not this historical. Historical ACT Percentiles for 20-2018 Below, I’ve listed the ACT score percentiles for each composite scaled score from 20-2018. I used data provided by ACT, Inc.,to assemble this and the charts below (for the percentiles for individual sections). Remember, apercentile is the percentage of test takers who scored at or below a certain scaled ACT score. ACT Score 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 20 36 100 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 35 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 34 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 33 98 98 98 99 99 99 99 99 32 97 97 97 97 98 98 98 98 31 95 95 96 96 96 97 97 97 30 93 93 94 94 95 95 95 95 29 91 91 92 92 92 93 93 93 28 89 88 89 89 90 91 90 91 27 86 85 86 86 87 87 87 87 26 82 82 83 82 83 84 83 83 25 78 78 79 78 79 79 79 79 24 74 73 74 73 74 75 74 74 23 69 68 69 68 68 69 68 68 22 63 63 64 62 62 63 62 62 21 58 57 58 56 56 56 55 55 20 51 51 51 50 50 50 48 48 19 45 44 45 43 43 43 41 41 18 39 38 39 37 36 36 34 34 17 32 31 32 30 30 30 28 28 16 26 25 26 24 24 24 21 22 15 20 19 19 18 18 18 16 16 14 14 13 14 12 12 12 13 8 7 8 7 7 8 6 7 12 4 3 4 3 4 4 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ACT English Historical Percentiles 20-2018 Below, I’ve listed the ACT score percentiles for each English scaled score from 20 to 2018. ACT English Score 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 20 36 100 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 35 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 34 97 97 98 98 98 99 99 98 33 95 95 96 96 97 97 97 97 32 93 93 94 95 95 95 96 96 31 92 92 93 93 93 94 94 94 30 91 91 91 91 92 92 92 92 29 88 88 89 89 90 90 90 90 28 87 86 88 87 87 88 88 88 27 85 84 85 84 85 86 86 85 26 82 81 82 82 82 83 82 82 25 79 79 79 78 79 79 78 78 24 75 74 75 73 74 75 74 73 23 70 69 70 69 69 70 68 67 22 64 64 65 63 64 64 63 63 21 59 58 59 58 58 59 57 56 20 53 53 53 52 52 52 50 49 19 47 47 47 46 45 45 43 43 18 43 43 43 41 40 40 38 38 17 39 39 39 36 36 36 33 34 16 35 34 35 32 32 32 29 29 15 29 29 29 27 27 26 24 24 14 23 22 23 21 21 21 18 18 13 18 17 17 16 6 16 14 14 12 14 13 14 3 13 13 12 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 10 6 6 7 7 7 7 6 6 9 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ACT Math Historical Percentiles 20-2018 Below, I’ve listed the ACT score percentiles for each Math scaled score from 20 to 2018. ACT Math Score 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 20 36 100 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 35 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 34 97 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 33 95 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 32 93 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 31 92 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 30 91 95 95 95 95 95 95 94 29 88 93 94 93 93 94 93 93 28 87 91 91 91 91 92 91 91 27 85 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 26 82 83 84 83 84 84 84 84 25 79 78 79 78 78 79 78 79 24 75 73 75 73 73 73 73 73 23 70 68 69 68 67 67 66 67 22 64 63 64 62 61 61 60 60 21 59 59 59 58 57 56 54 55 20 53 55 56 54 53 52 51 51 19 47 51 52 49 49 48 46 46 18 43 46 47 43 44 42 40 41 17 39 38 40 37 37 36 34 434 16 35 29 30 27 28 27 25 26 15 29 18 18 16 15 15 14 14 14 23 8 8 7 6 6 5 5 13 18 3 4 3 2 2 2 2 12 14 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ACT Reading Historical Percentiles 20-2018 Below, I’ve listed the ACT percentiles for each Reading scaled score from 20 to 2018. ACT Reading Score 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 20 36 100 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 35 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 34 97 97 98 98 98 99 98 99 33 95 95 96 97 97 97 97 97 32 93 93 94 94 95 95 95 95 31 90 90 91 92 92 93 93 93 30 88 88 89 89 89 90 90 90 29 85 85 86 86 86 87 87 87 28 83 82 83 83 84 84 85 85 27 80 79 81 80 81 82 82 82 26 77 77 78 77 78 79 78 79 25 74 74 74 74 74 76 75 75 24 71 70 71 71 71 72 71 71 23 66 65 66 66 66 66 66 66 22 60 60 60 60 61 62 60 61 21 54 53 56 54 56 56 55 55 20 48 48 48 48 48 49 48 48 19 43 42 43 42 42 43 42 42 18 37 37 37 36 35 37 36 36 17 31 30 31 30 31 31 29 30 16 27 26 26 25 25 26 24 25 15 22 21 22 20 20 21 20 20 14 17 16 16 15 16 16 15 15 13 12 12 12 12 10 10 12 8 7 7 7 7 8 7 7 4 5 4 3 4 4 3 3 10 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ACT ScienceHistorical Percentiles 20-2018 Below, I’ve listed the ACT score percentiles for each Science scaled score from 20 to 2018. ACT Science Score 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 20 36 100 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 35 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 34 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 33 97 97 98 98 98 99 99 99 32 96 96 97 97 97 98 98 98 31 95 95 96 95 96 97 97 97 30 94 94 94 94 95 96 96 96 29 92 92 92 93 93 94 95 95 28 91 90 89 92 92 92 93 93 27 88 88 86 89 90 90 91 90 26 86 85 83 87 86 87 87 87 25 82 82 79 82 83 84 83 83 24 77 77 74 76 77 77 77 77 23 70 70 69 69 70 70 69 70 22 64 63 64 62 63 64 62 62 21 56 55 58 55 55 57 55 56 20 49 49 51 48 48 48 47 47 19 42 41 45 40 41 40 38 38 18 36 35 39 33 32 33 31 31 17 29 28 32 27 27 26 24 24 16 23 22 26 22 21 22 19 20 15 18 16 19 16 16 17 15 15 14 14 12 14 12 13 13 12 13 10 8 8 9 9 10 8 8 12 6 5 4 6 6 7 6 6 3 3 2 3 4 4 4 4 10 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 What’s Next? Got more questions about ACT scores? Learn about what qualifies asa good ACT score for your collegeandhow to calculate your target score. Already got an ACT score goal? Then tryour 15 top tips for taking the ACTorour 20-hour prep guide. Finally, make sure you're studyingthe right way with our guide to reviewing your mistakes. Disappointed with your ACT scores? Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

Dharma in Buddhism and Hinduism Essay Example

Dharma in Buddhism and Hinduism Essay Example Dharma in Buddhism and Hinduism Paper Dharma in Buddhism and Hinduism Paper The beginning of this class consists of two sections, Hinduism and Buddhism, both of which we have learned a lot about. Within these religions we see some differences and some similarities that one could relate the two with, and one of those is the term Dharma. When examining Dharma in both Hinduism and Buddhism, people may notice that they are somewhat similar, but they will also see that there even more differences within this term. To better understand this term, we must first define it within the religion and then see what they have in common with one another, if nything at all, and finally notice where the big differences are between them. Dharma is a powerful word, but some may see it differently then others depending on their religion, or their understanding of the religion at hand. So to better understand this term we must first define the term specific to each religion. First we look at Hinduism, here Dharma is defined as, the most basic concept of Hinduism. It is a wide-ranging term for righteousness, law, duty, moral teachings, religion itself, or the order in the universe. (Voorst, 72). It goes on to say that, Dharma is also the god ho embodies and promotes right order and living(Voorst, 72). This in itself is not especially self-explanatory, but we will go into further detail after learning the meaning of the word in the Buddhist religion. The meaning for Dharma for Buddhists is quite different, this world view the dharma, law, teaching about the universe and the release from it. (Voorst, 1 19), so Just looking at the definitions we can see that they can relate but we need to look further to see the differences. First we look at how these two religions use the term Dharma in the same way. We an start with the laws and teachings within the religions, and how they can go hand in hand with one another. The purpose is to guide the followers in a way of living, to provide for a better reincarnation. In Hinduism the teachings are passed down year after year for centuries in order for people to follow, so that at the end of life, they can come back as a better (or worse depending on the way in which they lived) living creature. Then in Buddhism it follows the same guidelines, to teach the ways in which to live the best life. Which brings us to the next commonality between the religions, which is the art of reincarnation. Both the Hindus and Buddhists follow a cycle of reincarnation (samsara), to follow the religious recommendations in hope that the next life they live is better then the one this time around, and ever moving forward toward one day finding their way out of rebirth called: moksha in Hindu terms and nirvana in Buddhist terms. After learning the basic ways of the religions and how they can go hand in hand, we have to look at what makes them a religion apart. While we can for sure see these religions can relate to one another, we need to look further to get the difference. The main difference is the way in which the eachings are learned and understood. In Hinduism the teachings come from being passed on over time, and having specific duties; as to where and who you are in life, specific to ones place in the world; ones social position or caste membership, stage of life or gender(Voorst, 72). This is showing that Dharma of a wife is very different from that of her husband or child, and a worriers dharma is very different of that of a teachings of Buddha himself, to believe that, he taught his followers to think for themselves and carefully examine the teachings of the religion to determine what is ight for them(Voorst, 106). So we can see that in one religion we have life set out the way it should be lived and in the other people are free to live the way that they see fit within their religion. The next main difference is the actual being of the dharma. In Hinduism Dharma is not only seen as the way in which people should live, but also as the god Vishnu or Rama. Here we see the term dharma as, the preserver of dharma who takes worldly form (avatara) to combat threats to dharma,(lecture, 9/16). It was also said that, Rama, was a heroic king who, along with his spouse exemplifies harma,(lecture, 9/16). This is very different then that of the Buddhists, because they believe that, what Buddha discovered, is that which makes him the awakened one,(lecture, 9/23) So we see that it is somewhat of the reverse from Hinduism, because it is not represented or upheld through gods, but that which brought them their god to worship. So again we see clearly that these two religions are not as closely related as people may think. After spending a good amount of time, it is easy to see that the two meanings of dharma are different within the same context outline. They both deal with the rights nd wrongs of the people within the religion, and they both have, in one aspect, the same meaning; law and teachings. But when we gape deeper into the word, the way of life in Hinduism is dharma, but the Buddhist Just follow certain aspects of dharma in their religion. In both religions the word dharma is very important to understand and follow, but even more important is the understanding of all the things that fall within its meanings and the other words that are connected to it. So to say it bluntly, these religions may follow a similar path, but have very different directions of that path to be followed.

Major Container Shipping Lines of Singapore and Port Klang Research Paper

Major Container Shipping Lines of Singapore and Port Klang - Research Paper Example Often, intra-port competition is beneficial to everyone involved, most often those being the users of the port and the governmental body of the region. This kind of competition is dependent on the vessel volumes, which may or may not be enough to allow more than one company to run their business in an optimal fashion. The transhipment container trade concerns each region where ports are striving to realize higher supply and demand. In the South Asian region, Singapore and Klang ports are competing with Tan Jung ports and the Port of Rotterdam is in competition with Antwerp and Hamburg. The competition is fierce, but there are no interchangeable ports and none of them functions on a zero cost effective manner.Often, intra-port competition is beneficial to everyone involved, most often those being the users of the port and the governmental body of the region. This kind of competition is dependent on the vessel volumes, which may or may not be enough to allow more than one company to ru n their business in an optimal fashion. The transhipment container trade concerns each region where ports are striving to realize higher supply and demand. In the South Asian region, Singapore and Klang ports are competing with Tan Jung ports and the Port of Rotterdam is in competition with Antwerp and Hamburg. The competition is fierce, but there are no interchangeable ports and none of them functions on a zero cost effective manner.There are three different categories of port competition.

History wk10 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History wk10 - Essay Example Whitten (1993) suggested that infusing Black psychologists into an introductory course will help students understand the social, economic and political factors on human development. I believe this is important because we tend to have a narrow view of the world that only encompasses those areas that we know well. We need to expand our thinking and take a look at how feminists, Black, cross-cultural, gay/lesbians and other look at the world. Talking about these issues in a class will make them more important to the student. Globalization impacts psychology because there are so many different issues that influence an individual's mental health. Arnett (2002) points out that globalization impacts every aspect of human life. He specifically looks at how this impacts adolescents but it is important as scholar practitioners to look at how people are impact. As a teacher and scholar practitioner, I would bring in many different types of issues so that my students could take a look and learn empathy for different situations. I believe that adding DVDs, extra readings and such would insure that students gained a well rounded understanding of why many different multicultural issues were important to the study of psychology. References Arnett, J.J. (2002).

Leadership Communication Styles Inventory Essay Example for Free

Leadership Communication Styles Inventory Essay As a manager or leader of an organization of any kind, the power and ability to effectively lead others are in the choices made to build a healthy, motivational, and productive relationship with people on your team. We all influence others in some way, its Just that we seldom realize that we do or how we do it. Power in the workplace has traditionally been defined as force, dominance, assertiveness, strength, invincibility, and authority. In forward thinking corporations, power requires a commitment and a plan of action (Hale, 2010). Power and influence are somewhat interchangeable. Power is the capacity of a person, team, or organization to influence others. Power is not the act of changing someonws attitudes or behavior; it is only the potential to do so. You might feel powerful or think you have power over someone else, but this is not power unless you truly have the capacity to influence that person (McShane, Steven L, Mary Ann Von Glinow, 2010). One of the hardest lessons of management is that practically everything that has to be done must be done by others. Manager ¤Ã‚ ¬ws duties not only include directing employees ut controlling the budget, assets, and other Jobs within the organization as well. Leadership is the ability to get people to do what they don ¬wt want to do and like it. In other words, the core problem for leaders in any organization involves getting others to do what is required to accomplish the organization ¤es goals (Michelson). The concept of power and its application to leadership and management has gotten a bad reputation. Terms such as power hungry, abuse of power and corrupted by power have diluted powerws real use and meaning and deprived some leaders f the opportunity to understand and use various forms of power to good purposes (Wood, 2010). I like to believe people misuse their power simply because they have it and are unaware of it. When used in a positive, moral, and ethical manner, power is an excellent resource. It requires the perception of dependence, so people might gain power by convincing others that they have something of value, whether or not they actually control that resource. Consequently power exists when others believe that you control resources they want (McShane, Steven L, Mary Ann Von Glinow, 010). People rely on their emotion more frequently than they realize to make decisions, so to become a more powerful influencer, it is wise to consider othews values, personality, and intelligence and express confidence in the personws ability to accomplish the Job. The type of power applied affects the type of influence the power holder has over the other person or work unit. Everyone has power and I d believe that to be a bad thing. The issue becomes what kind of power a person has and how it is used. The most powerful source is based on one osition within an organization and the authority given in that position (Wood, 2010). An abusive boss can lose respect and influence from their team members. As a leader, your influence and power are not only about getting the Job done, itws about the relationships you develop in the workplace. A supervisor on my Job is retiring in a couple ot months and it seems ner whole attitude and demeanor nas changed. She seems to be on a quest to get all the people she wants out of the company and all that she wants promoted before she leaves. The influence and respect that she once possessed is no longer apparent or given to her and the orale in the office is very low. Her tactics to get the Job done are threatening, humiliating, and demeaning for some of the employees. They are afraid to go above her for the fear of retaliation, so they wait and hope that their Jobs are safe until she retires. French and Raven, social psychologists, identified five sources of power legitimate, coercive, reward, expert, and referent that help the dependent person directly or indirectly achieve his or her goals. Legitimate, reward and coercive are sources of power granted formally by the organization and informally by co-workers; hey are positional powers (McShane, Steven L, Mary Ann Von Glinow, 2010). Legitimate power is an agreement among organizational members that people in certain roles can request certain behaviors of others. It depends on mutual agreement from those expected to abide by this authority (McShane, Steven L, Mary Ann Von Glinow, 2010). True and lasting power comes from being a leader worthy of respect and admiration. If you treat people with dignity and respect, you will build a trusting relationship and people will look up to you, listen to what you say, and want to be like you. Reward power derived from the person ability to control the allocation of rewards valued by others and to remove negative sanctions. Managers have power over the distribution of organizational rewards such as pay, promotions, time off, vacation schedules, and work assignments (McShane, Steven L, Mary Ann Von Glinow, 2010). This power comes with the position and can be taken away if the position is removed. Coercive power is the ability to apply punishment. Employees also have coercive power to ensure that co-workers conform to team norms (McShane, Steven L, Mary Ann Von Glinow, 2010). You have this kind of power when youwre in a position to punish others if they don ¬wt do what you want. People fear the consequences of not doing what has been asked of them. Expert and referent powers are based on an individuws personal power. These powers are based on charisma, likeability, and positive feelings the leader generates among subordinates (Wood, 2010). There is research suggesting that charismatic leadership is negatively related to harmful behaviors in the workplace. For example, transformational leadership was negatively associated with safety accidents which harisma is a large component of (Hale, 2010). These powers originate from the power holders characteristics and are power bases brought to the organization. Expert power is an individualws or work uws capacity to influence others by possessing knowledge or skills that others value (McShane, Steven L, Mary Ann Von Glinow, 2010). This power is based on what you know and will quickly gain you respect and influence in the workplace. It is all about knowing your Job and doing it well and not being afraid in learning all that you can. It could potentially be the basis for a managerial role for an employee. Referent power is a function ofa perso ¬ws interpersonal skills which allows others to identify with them, like them, or respect them and is associated with charismatic leadership (McShane, Steven L, Mary Ann Von Glinow, 2010). People are well liked and are considered role models because of their connection and concern for other people. People who are well-liked and respected nave a tremendous amount ot reterent power. A wise leader knows now and when to apply the right amount of power to influence an individual, group, or situation to move an agenda forward (McShane, Steven L, Mary Ann Von Glinow, 2010). In order to be an effective leader, a person cannot rely solely on either of these positions of power. Leading by example, offering rewards, or threatening punishments all can be used as power tools to accomplish goals, however more power can be gained by sharing it among the team in a more subtle and counterintuitive way (Wood, 2010). If you want your team to be ethical and respectful of each other, I believe the example should start from the top. Using influence tactics well requires a healthy combination of interpersonal, communication, presentation, and assertiveness techniques, verbal skills such as asserting, probing, ersisting, speaking conversationally, and willingness to ask for favors ( (Selling and Persuaion Techniques ). Influence refers to any behavior that attempts to alter someonws attitudes or behaviors (McShane, Steven L, Mary Ann Von Glinow, 2010). You may try to exert your influence through coercion and manipulation and you might even get things done but that isn ¬wt really influencing. Thatws forcing people to do what you want them to do and often against their will. Effective leaders use combinations of various strategies for different purposes under different onditions which can be classified under three categories: retribution, reciprocation, and reason (Michelson).

The Beanie Baby Craze :: Beanie Babies Obsession Essays

The Beanie Baby Craze â€Å"When you have something intended as innocent fun for children, you can count on adults to turn it into an obsessive, grotesquely over commercialized ‘hobby’† It all started with Cabbage Patch Kids, parents paying top dollar for those plastic headed and not so cute dolls. The next big wave to hit was the Tickle Me Elmo a character from Sesame Street, who you could squeeze and it would laugh and jiggle. And now we are in the midst of a tidal wave, that’s right, the Beanie Baby Craze. These small bean bag animals, which were first produced in 1994 by the Illinois based Ty Co., are a huge hit with children and adults alike. People of the Beanie Baby movement will go to great extremes, and pay an obscene amount of money for one of these small animals, taking this â€Å"hobby† past the line into absurdity. A couple years ago when I was at a BBQ picnic, a little girl came up to me and tossed me a fish beanie baby, having never seen or heard of them I looked it over for a bit, then I lobbed it back to her and she ran off throwing it up in the air and dropping it each time. At that time I would never have thought that people would go mad over them. I feel a certain obligation to shed some light on the strange even ridiculous behavior that some of you display while partaking in this madness. For instance, there have been stories of people following the UPS deliverers around town to see which store will be getting the latest beanie babies. When they do find a store that carries the new ones usually others have also, creating a mad rush to get the one that they want. Children have had these toys snatched right out of their little hands in this frenzy, arguments even fights have erupted. Some of you Beanie Baby followers will even try deception to get as many of them as they can. A clerk at a toy store recounts a day when they had received a big shipment of new beanie babies. To be fair, a three Beanie limit had been established. One customer had bought her three, went home changed clothes, put on make-up, and changed her hairdo and went back to get three more.

Market Research Report Energy and Sports Drink Market Growth in Asia Essay

The changing consumer preferences, demand for functional beverages, increasing awareness towards healthy lifestyles and growing urban population in Asia would be the major factors that would drive the market in coming years. An increasing awareness towards healthy lifestyles has led to a transition in the taste and preferences of people in Asia. The young urban population has been the target customer for energy and sports drink brands in this region. The energy and sports drinks are majorly consumed by professional sports people, gym goers and by working professionals and students that require a special beverage in order to boost their energy and stay active. â€Å"The increasing participation of the health conscious people in sports and fitness activities has greatly impacted the growth trend of sports and energy drink market in Asia. The young population aged 25-35 years represents a potential group of customers for the energy and sports drink manufacturers in the region. † – According to the research report ‘Asia Energy and Sports Drink Market Outlook to 2017’ by Ken Research. The increasing media exposure towards sporting events on television has captured the attention of people, which in turn has encouraged the youth to adopt sports as a profession or as a hobby. This has impelled the growth of sports drinks in Asian countries over the last few years. Sports drinks market in Asia is dominated by famous brands such as Gatorade, Powerade and Pocari Sweat. Red Bull majorly has dominated the energy drink market in the region. Red Bull has effectively maintained a strong distribution channel in various countries in Asia such as in India, China, Japan, Thailand and in South Korea. The energy and sports drink market is anticipated to be driven by the growing trend of health and fitness is expected to create significant demand in Asian countries. The consumer expenditure on food and non-alcoholic beverages is expected to surge in the region owing to the rise in disposable incomes of the people. The rising awareness about fitness and health benefits among the people in the region will encourage more people to join fitness and sports clubs which will drive the demand and consumption of energy and sports drink in the coming years. The report provides detailed overview on the energy and sports drink market in Asia and help reader to identify the ongoing trends in the key segments of the industry and anticipated growth in future depending upon changing industry dynamics in coming years. The report will aid industry consultants, food and beverage service companies and marketing companies and other stakeholders to align their market centric strategies according to ongoing and expected trends in future. For More Details Please Click On Following Link: http://www. kenresearch. com/agriculture-food-beverages/beverages/asia-energy-and-sports-drink-market-research-report/429-104. html http://www. kenresearch. com/press/news-asia-energy-and-sports-drink-market/211. html Related Links: http://www. kenresearch. com/agriculture-food-beverages/beverages/japan-energy-and-sports-drink-market-research-report/432-104.html http://www. kenresearch. com/agriculture-food-beverages/beverages/south-korea-energy-and-sports-drink-market-research-report/433-104. Html http://www. kenresearch. com/agriculture-food-beverages/beverages/india-energy-and-sports-drink-market-research-report/431-104. html http://www. kenresearch. com/agriculture-food-beverages/beverages/thailand-energy-and-sports-market-research-report/434-104. html http://www. kenresearch. com/agriculture-food-beverages/beverages/china-energy-and-sports-drink-market-research-report/430-104. html.

Made for India

While consumers across the world are seeing a growing number of â€Å"Made in India† labels on the goods they buy, Indian shoppers are witnessing a more subtle change. Increasingly, multinational companies are selling products that are not just made in — but that are made for — India. Entire generations of Indian consumers, who once felt grateful simply for being able to experience the same brands as the rest of the world, are now realizing they can ask for products that cater to their wants and needs. And they stand a good chance of getting what they want. â€Å"The willingness of big brands to customize their products was never the issue,† says Harminder Sahni, managing director of Technopak Advisors India, one of the country's largest management consultancies. â€Å"What has changed is that the Indian market has finally reached a critical mass — after the U. S. and China, this is the largest consumer market in the world — that justifies the investment. † That wasn't always the case. Before the Indian economy opened up in the early 1990s, â€Å"imported† goods were a sought-after commodity, their foreignness often being their most desirable attribute. Not surprisingly, then, many multinationals didn't think success would require much effort when their brands finally entered the country after 1991. Things have changed. As Indian consumers became more aware of trends and advancements in technology, they began to demand similar sophistication. More important, they wanted products built to their needs. That meant not just automobiles, household appliances and consumer electronics, but also mobile phones, foods and apparel. â€Å"Earlier, there was a reverence for anything foreign because local products were of terrible quality,† says Abraham Koshy, professor of marketing at the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad (IIMA). â€Å"But as the market developed, the focus started shifting from the product to the brand. Customers started patronizing a brand only if the product suited them. So the need arose for companies to adjust their products to customers' requirements. † It isn't only about holding on to existing customers. If altering a product's design or introducing a variant will help a brand reach out to an additional customer group, most companies would think it worth the investment. â€Å"Brands that establish their relevance with customers do well,† says Shripad Nadkarni, director of MarketGate Consulting, a Mumbai-based marketing and brand consultancy. The increasing use of third-party sourcing helps further the customization cause; companies can simply take on additional local suppliers who will adapt the products for different markets and customer groups. Of course, localization doesn't work for all products. Many high-end luxury goods, for instance, rely on their country-of-origin tag to enhance their brand appeal. A â€Å"Made in India† label on these products would be disastrous, says Technopak's Sahni. Koshy adds that products where the unit consumption is low may not justify huge outlays on customization.

Continental Congress essays

Continental Congress essays Ø May 10. Second Continental Congress convenes in Philadelphia. Ø June 14. Continental Congress creates Continental Army Ø July. Congress offers the Olive Branch Petition in attempt at reconciliation with king. Ø American armies march on Montreal and Quebec. Ø January1. Americans lose assault on Quebec. Ø January. Thomas Paines Common Sense published. Ø July 4. Declaration of independence adopted. The British defeated the French and their Indian allies in the French and Indian War (1754-1763). The result was British control over much of North America. But the war had cost England a great deal of money and Parliament decided it was time for the Colonies to pay a share for their own defense. The American Revolution became inevitable as far back as 1643 when the New England Confederation of Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven were formed for defense against Indians and the Dutch. In 1754 representatives of seven northern colonies met at Albany, N.Y. to consider plans for a permanent union of all colonies for defense against the French and Indians and for other purposes, however, the time was not right for a union. After England won the French and Indian war in 1763, England turned its attention to ways of increasing government revenues to pay the war debt. England believed that the best way to increase funds was to further tax the colonies. It imposed Navigation Acts of 1651, 1660, 1672, 1696, the Molasses Act of 1733 and the Sugar Act of 1764. It required that most of the trade of the British colonies be carried on in British or colonial ships so that all tax collection could be controlled. The frontiersmen found that a Royal Proclamation of 1763 halted their expansion westward stopping them at a line created at the Appalachians. Open opposition to all of these acts became serious when the Stamp Act of 1 ...

French Verbs - To Take - Amener - Prendre

French Verbs - To Take - Amener - Prendre Confusing French Verbs The English verb to take has several French equivalents, so take a few minutes to learn the difference. Prendre Prendre  is the general, all-purpose French equivalent of to take. It is used to talk about taking something from a place or from someone, taking transportation, taking something to eat, taking a size, etc. Jai pris son livre sur la table.   I took his book from the table. Prends la main de David.   Take Davids hand. Nous allons prendre le train.          Were going to take the train. Je prends un sandwich, sil vous plaà ®t.   Ill take a sandwich, please. Il prend une taille 14 en chemise.   He takes a size 14 shirt. Prenez votre temps.   Take your time. Amener Amener  means to take someone or something  with you.* Jai amenà © mon frà ¨re la fà ªte.   I took my brother to the party Amenons le chien la plage.   Lets take the dog to the beach. Il na pas amenà © la voiture.   He didnt take the car. *Note:  Amener  is part of another set of confusing pairs:  Amener, emmener, apporter, emporter. Other equivalents of to take: Accepter  To take in the sense of  to tolerate  or  to acceptIl nacceptera pas un refus.  He wont take no for an answer.Enlever -  To take something  off,  out,  awaJai enlevà © mon chapeau.  I took my hat off.Qui va enlever les chaises?  Who will take the chairs away? Passer un examen   To take a test Il a passà © trois examens hier.   He took three tests yesterday. Note that  passer  is a  false cognate  here. To pass a test   Rà ©ussir un exame Tirer  (familiar)   To take in the sense of  to steal Quelquun ma tirà © mon portefeuille  !   Someone took my wallet!

Lying is never right Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lying is never right - Essay Example According to Webster, to lie is â€Å"1: to make an untrue statement with intent to deceive; 2: to create a false or misleading impression.† Lying, as defined by St. Thomas Aquinas, â€Å"a statement at variance with the mind†, is more accurate than Webster’s â€Å"to create a false or misleading impression.† This is because, according to Webster, it is possible to lie without making a false statement and without any intention of deceiving. If a person makes a statement which he thinks is false, but in reality is true, he certainly lies inasmuch as he intends to say what is false. A well-known liar may have no intention of deceiving anyone - for he knows nobody believes a word he says – but if he speaks at variance with his mind, he does not cease to lie. someone. An officious or white lie is such that it does not injure anyone. Jocose lies are told for the purpose of affording amusement. When a habit of lying has been contracted, it is practically impossible to restrict its vagaries to matters which are harmless. Therefore, although injury to others is excluded from officious and jocose lies by definition, yet realistically there is no sort of lie which is not injurious to somebody. According to Catholic teachings, an injurious lie is a mortal sin, but officious and jocose lies are of their own nature, venial sins. Telling the truth is not the easiest course of action to follow. On the contrary, telling the truth is often difficult, and frequently leads to unpleasant consequences. A major disturbing thought for us is that Christians, of all people, need to lie. Where are our Christian principles? â€Å"Wherefore putting away lying, speak every man truth with his neighbor: for we are members one of another.† (Ephesians 4:25). God makes it clear that â€Å"all liars shall have their part in the lake that burns with fire and brimstone,

American Government Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

American Government - Research Paper Example Lynda (2000) asserts that, politicians use newspapers, television, radio, and the internet in seeking support from voters and influencing public opinions. Television in America has been entwined with every political process, ranging from coverage of key political events and organizations to effects on political campaigns and elections. Currently political advertising in America is the main form of communication between voters and candidates. Election candidates use television spots and television debates to sell their policies to the electorate (Richard, 1998). Through television, candidates are able to defend themselves against false accusations, for example, corruption charges. Also, television exposes the conduct of various candidates, thus enabling the public to access this information. Television acts as a public watchdog on government activities; television keeps an eye on the governing process and government institutions. Coverage of political processes on television has a more impact on political campaigns and elections as compared to other political processes. Most Americans relies on television news, television debates, and television spots to obtain information about politics. Through coverage of political processes on television, candidates are able to enhance, sell, and influence the views of their policies (Lynda, 2000). On the other hand, voters are able to analyze policies of various candidates thereby influencing on the outcome of the election (Lynda, 2000). The following are the reasons of using television spots in political advertising. First, spots overcome partisan selectivity; the spots are usually seen by all voters regardless of their parties. Second, electorate learns more about political issues from television spots than from television debates and news. Third, an election candidate and his/her campaign team directly control the content of the television spots. Fourth, television spots can reach a much

Finding common ground Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Finding common ground - Essay Example Both its proponents and opponents are very vocal about their respective points of view. Some headway has been made as regards this issue within specific states in America. However, the jury is still out on certain contentious issues regarding this matter. These include matters such as; who has the right to define what a marriage is, should a judge decide on such matters, or should this decision be left to the public through a popular vote. In the Newsweek article by Anna Quindlen, the author starts by recognizing the significance of the ruling in Loving v. Virginia which stated that interracial marriages were not illegal as had earlier been ruled. Before this, it was considered a crime to be party to interracial marriage and Mr. Richard Loving and his wife Mildred Jeter were accused of miscegenation (Quindlen, 1). The Supreme Court ruled that marriage is one of the basic civil rights of man and cannot be denied on the basis of race. In this article the author who is a proponent of same sex marriage argues that in most cases the decision against same sex marriage are influenced by the financial factor and in most cases religion is only used as a scapegoat for the rejection of same sex rights(Quindlen, 2). The author argues that by continuing to refuse to legally recognize unions between individuals of the same sex, there are benefits that are being forgone such as the ability of these couples to adopt children and give them a better chance of advancing in life. The author also scoffs the notion that allowing homosexuals to adopt children will distort the image of marriage in the eyes of these children, arguing that heterosexuals have already done this on their own without much help from the gay community (Quindlen, 4). In the second article titled Interracial Marriage: Slippery Slope? By La Shawn Barber, the author argues that the decision in Loving v Virginia was totally justified and cannot be compared to gays demanding for the right to marriage (La

Women’s Experiences in the Military Essay Example for Free

Women’s Experiences in the Military Essay Women suffered a lot during the wars. Many were reported to have been physically tortured, for instance, they were hit with mortar rounds; making the whole building to shake. They spent nights out in the cold and the sleeping conditions were horrible. Some became paralyzed and lay on the ground for hours before receiving help. They fought for their lives on without protection since men were also in the fields. If women were discovered to be in possession of valuable positions such as diamond, it was taken away from them. (Taylor, p367) There were incidents when women came out of their homes to provide assistance if they saw their dwellings being set on fire. The women did not care about their personal safety and neither did they worry that their lives could end any time. They put their lives on line to save their people and families. For instance, they died from serious injuries and smoke from burning houses, falling debris and flames. (Chen, p389) There were women who provided assistance in saving or rescuing other children and adults who were caught up in burning structures. They did this without protective clothing and shoes. They kept on entering and re-entering the buildings in order to vacate their children to safety. Women continuously assisted the residents in Vietnam to relocate their personal properties as well as livestock. By this time there were no fire fighting equipment and personnel assistance. This reflected courage commitment and self-sacrifice on Vietnamese women. (Insun, p366) Their experiences made them emerge as heroes and they were awarded medals. However, their naivety did not make them realize that they deserved the medals. Coupled with that they were very young and hence had not received enough exposure. They could not make sense out of the problems they were having. (Insun, p254) During those times of war, despite women’s involvement in the military, they were still nursing young children at homes. They had to strike a balance between the time spent at the military and the time spent with their families. Their children were affected by diseases, while growing up. Women said that things appeared perfectly normal at birth of their children but as soon as they become toddlers something always went wrong. Mothers gave birth to children with cancer, especially of the kidney and other types of tumor, ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity disorder), teeth and bone deformities as well as fainting spells. Other children displayed symptoms of Grand Mal Epilepsy. Most of the conditions which affected these children were made worse by the negative effects of war. The health of the children was seriously affected. At night, women experienced mass attack which affected the entire corner within Long Binh. They had mortar attack which landed on their homes and killed some of them. At his time, all they had were prayers. (Taylor, p567) They prayed a lot when all failed. At around 1968, the military intelligence received a document which stated they were giving away approximately twenty five thousand dollars for every female who was a white American. The government gave women life insurance. The insurance was worth only ten thousand dollars. This was too little and they actually laughed at it because they were definitely worth much more. (Woodside, p56) The women most of the time ignored the problems that they had with men because they did not want those problems to take toll on their lives. Some other challenges that women faced were lack of audience. They had grievances amongst themselves and despite their efforts to air them, nobody could listen to them. The communications department was not effective and there was no order of the events taking place. In addition, the communication channels were not properly defined. They were random and did not consider the urgency of the information. (Insun, p89) The policies of children adopting were changed, and this affected parenting and especially women who were not able to give quality life to their children. The situation affected them psychologically and some women became hostile to the new policies. The children suffered emotional and psychological torture due to lack of parental love. The bonds that tied a child and his mother were no longer there. (Insun, p67)

adopted children :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not just the kids, but the adoptive parents also ask themselves questions: doubting their acceptance. A good question that comes to mind is whether or not; they can create a bound with the child. According to an adoption Corporation called â€Å"PACT†, no, they cannot bond with the adopted child. They feel, â€Å"Bounding is a one-way process that begins in the birth mother during pregnancy and continues through the first few days of life.† (1-2) It is instinctive so the bond can never be achieved, but hope lies in â€Å"attaching†. When you create an attachment between your child and you, it allows for the child to flourish. â€Å"Attachment is a two-way reciprocal process between parents and their children. (1-2) This process of attachment says a lot to a child. It is more than a friendship bond by allowing the child to put all of its trust within you. PACT wants us to know that, â€Å"It starts with a promise, a promise from parents to c hild that says, You count, and you can always rely on me.† (1-2) From this, a baby gains reliance, familiarity and the most important goal, which is that special attachment that should not be broken. It is also like a promise, which says a lot to the child. â€Å"From this promise will come the baby’s sense that the parents matter more than anyone else, leading to the baby’s reliance on them. (1-2)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fear also steps in during this attachment stage, creating an obstacle of worries hard to get over. It is not just the question of whether you can attach t the baby but will the baby attach to you? The answer PACT gives us is to rely on your commitment to attach, regardless of time. Days, weeks, months or years may pass but what matters is you endurance. â€Å"If it takes time to feel that this child is your child, build on signs of progress. If it takes time for the baby to act as if you matter more than anyone else, enjoy interacting as connections grow.† (1-1) You will know if progress is occurring due to a number of signals that the child will withdraw. Smiles and developmental milestones are a clue that you are on the right track. (1-1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once a child who you feel attached to, doesn’t make the connection, it can make you as the parent feel left out. Adopted children also feel this way due to their other half who they feel is not connected to them.

Types of Sensors

Types of Sensors Sensor technology is a growing form of technology that has caught everyone’s attention in the recent times engineers have been continuously working on new forms of sensors for incorporating different features into a technology. A sensor is nothing but a special converter that helps in measuring the physical quantity of an object and then converts the same into a special signal to be sent to the technological devices. Sensors facilitate the sending and receiving of these special signals for carrying out different activities.If you look at some of the major technologies these days including the mobile phones or the laptops, you would find out that they all are making use of some form of sensor in order to do their job. We would here discuss some of the major types of sensors usually used. There are special sensors that are devised and used especially for acoustic, sound and vibration purposes. There are numerous devices like the hydrophone and microphone which a ct as sensors and are mainly used for the purpose of transmitting sound and vibrations from one object to another.These sensors are usually employed in devices that need to transmit and transfer sound and other vibrations. Sensors are not only used for sound or vibrations but they are also commonly used for different automotive and transportation devices and mechanisms. Some of the commonly used automotive sensors include defect detector, mass flow sensor, oxygen sensor, parking sensor and speed sensor. The names of these sensors clearly define their purposes and applications.The chemical industry is also full of innumerable sensors, which are used for different applications. There are special carbon dioxide sensors that help in detecting the presence of carbon dioxide in a given space. Other than that, holographic sensor, infrared point sensor, olfactometer, oxygen sensor and smoke detectors are some of the common types of sensors that are used for industrial and other technologica l applications making use of different chemicals.Electric current and magnetic sensors are also commonly used at different places and for different purposes. There are special sensors installed for detecting radio directions and even voltage fluctuations and changes at times. Engineers are trying to monitor the environmental changes and developments all over the world right now. And hence the environment and weather sensors have also become so popular and common. Not only can the environmental sensors detect rain, snow or soil oisture they can even be used for making people aware and precautious of the forthcoming events. In addition to these sensors, there are several other types of sensors like velocity, navigation instruments and optical light and pressure sensors. These sensors make technologies much more beneficial and more useful for the people in all ways, giving them better use of the devices. Reference link: http://classof1. com/homework-help/engineering-homework-help

International Trade Paper

Introduction to Management BU106 The Role of International Trade Harriette Sane-aka Herzing University The United States has been constant in keeping an open market for quite a while and that has helped the production of goods extraordinarily. The Open market was not always the norm, and for most of American history, the United States imposed sanctions on outside imports in an effort to protect those individuals that aim to produce their goods within the shores of the United States from foreign competition.International trade has a rich history starting with barter system being replaced by Mercantilism in the 16th and 17th Centuries. The 18th Century saw the shift towards liberalism. It was in this period that Adam Smith, the father of Economics wrote the famous book ‘The Wealth of Nations’ in 1776 where in he defined the importance of specialization in production and brought International trade under the said scope. David Ricardo developed the Comparative advantage prin ciple, which stands true even today. (Management study guide, 2008) International trade or world trade affects the entire American economy.The early industrial years of American the economy was based entirely on the exporting goods to other countries, and these exports created the revenue need to sustain the country. America would export more products than it needed this created a surplus in the GDP. This began to change in the 1930's when the trade began to change and the country began to import more products. This downward trend led the GDP its lowest point in history. In today's world trade market America's import percentage is somewhere in the mid-60%. The balance of trade in America today is running in a deficit.The U. S. government has created trade agreements the various countries that allow free trade between these countries. This means there are no tariffs, fees or taxes applied toward the good being imported or exported between the countries in the agreement. These countri es include Mexico and Canada that create the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and Israel. These agreements are not limited to free trade, but other countries such as Jamaica, that need assistance in order to grow economically America has lessened the amount of tariffs need to import good into America. Egmmons, 2005) Ever walked into a supermarket and been able to buy South American bananas, Columbian coffee, different spices from India, and a bottle of South African wine; well that is the role international trade plays in the American society. International trade is also the reason why when shopping for a new car, you can pick between a Japanese, German or American car. International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries and the trades between different countries and continents have existed for decades.International trade lets us increase the market for foreign products, and bridges the gap between both the importer, and the exporter. As a result of international trade, the market is saturated with products, and merchants in turn have to lower prices of their goods which then allow the consumer to get things for a lesser price because of the availability. We have come a long way since the earlier times and International trade today has taken on new dimension. Today with the advancement of technology and impact of globalization has made it easy for all countries to engage in international trade for their survival.There are many factors of international trade but the most significant parts of international trade, in my opinion; are the history, and the advantages and disadvantages of international trade. According to Patel, they are various advantages are named for the countries entering into trade relations on an international scale such as: International trade enables a country to consume things which either cannot be produced within its borders or production may cost very high. Therefore it becomes cost cheaper to import fr om other countries through foreign trade.International trade helps a country to utilize its resources to the maximum limit. If a country does not takes up imports and exports then its resources remain unexplorted. Thus it helps to eliminate the wastage of resources. Imports and exports of different countries provide opportunities to the consumer to buy and consume those goods which cannot be produced in their own country. They therefore get diversity in choices. By making the size of the market large with large supplies and extensive demand international trade reduces trade fluctuations. The prices of goods tend to remain more stable.International trade enables different countries to sell their surplus products to other countries and earn foreign exchange. International trade fosters peace, goodwill and mutual understanding among nations. Economic interdependence of countries often leads to close cultural relationship and thus avoid war between them. [ (Patel, 2010) ] International trade does not always amount to blessings. It has certain drawbacks also such as the import of foreign goods foreign trade may lead to import of harmful goods like cigarettes, drugs etc. Which may run the health of the residents of the country?E. g. the people of China suffered greatly through opium imports. (Patel, 2010) International trade leads to intensive cultivation of land. Thus it has the operations of law of diminishing returns in agricultural countries. It also makes a nation poor by giving too much burden over the resources. Over Specialization may be disastrous for a country. A substitute may appear and ruin the economic lives of millions. (Patel, 2010). One of the serious drawbacks of foreign trade is that one country may gain at the expense of other due to certain accidental advantages.The Industrial revolution is great Britain ruined Indian handicrafts during the nineteenth century. Foreign trade may lead to war different countries compete with each other in finding o ut new markets and sources of raw material for their industries and frequently come into clash. This was one of the causes of first and Second World War. (Patel, 2010) International trade has a vast effect on trade as a whole because it brings nations together in such a way that had never been done before and it changed the complexity of the way homes and society was run.In Northern America for example, trade brought women out of the traditional roles, and into the workforce which for generations was a male only domain. This is evident even today as women in the workforce now carry roles that at a time were sinful to even think about. International trade is effective in situations like globalization where a country has a need and the other has the ability to negate that need with products that may be necessary to elevate the need or essentially draw the two countries closer.And although the trade agreement has been in place for centuries, they are still a lot of glitches that are st ill being fixed. In October 2011 Congress passed three long-awaited free trade agreements with South Korea, Colombia and Panama, ending a political standoff that had stretched across two presidencies. The move offered a rare moment of bipartisan accord at a time when Republicans and Democrats were bitterly divided over the role that government ought to play in reviving the sputtering economy.The approval of the deals was a victory for President Obama and proponents of the view that foreign trade can drive America’s economic growth in the face of rising protectionist sentiment in both political parties. They were the first trade agreements to pass Congress since Democrats broke a decade of Republican control in 2007. [ (New York Times, 2012) ] International Trade plays a major role in this picture because a country in need would most likely bend easier when situations get extreme or dire. This paves a way for countries that may have one time be neglected to now harness momenta ry bargaining prowess.Even things like Culture has also been affected by International trade because a country that was once self sufficient and as a result would likely never reach out for help now bargains with others that they once despised because the ability to do so is much easier after trade was open. International trade is essential for most countries to operate, or even progress. Most people in the United States wear clothes that were not manufactured here within the boundaries. This situation conveniently makes for a need from a country that was once looked down upon to have a chip to play with.The desire of the consumer usually makes the value of the provider to increase. Egmmons. (2005, May). Studymode. Retrieved January 24, 2013, from Studymode website: http://www. studymode. com Management study guide. (2008). Management study guide. Retrieved january 29, 2013, from Management study guide web site: http://www. managementstudyguide. com New York Times. (2012, September 17). New york Times. Retrieved February 13, 2013, from New York Times Website: http://topics. nytimes. com Patel, F. (2010, july 7). gess papers. Retrieved february 2, 2013, from guess papers web site: http://www. guesspapers. net